What Are Bunions?
Signs, Causes, and Treatment Options
A bunion is a bony bump that forms at the base of the big toe. The most common type, called hallux valgus, results from a gradual misalignment of the bones—not from extra bone growth. Over time, the big toe shifts inward toward the second toe, causing the joint at its base to push outward, creating a visible and sometimes painful bulge.
While a small bump may be part of a normal foot shape, a true bunion involves bone displacement and can lead to discomfort, inflammation, and changes in walking patterns.
Signs & Symptoms of Bunions
Common symptoms include:
- A bulging bump on the side of the big toe joint
- Swelling, redness, or tenderness around the joint
- Corns or calluses where the first and second toes rub
- Persistent or occasional foot pain
- Stiffness or limited movement in the big toe
Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam and may include X-rays to assess bone alignment.
What Causes Bunions?
Bunions develop slowly over time due to shifting of the bones in the foot. Several factors can contribute to their formation:
- Improper Footwear: Narrow, pointed shoes or high heels can force the big toe inward, increasing bunion risk—especially among women.
- Genetics: Loose ligaments and foot structure can be inherited, making some people more prone to bunions.
- Growth Patterns: In children and teens, bunions may develop due to bone growth into a misaligned position.
- Injury: Trauma to the foot or toe ligaments can occasionally cause bunions.
Do Bunions Get Worse with Age?
Yes. Bunions tend to worsen over time, especially without proper care. As people age, gain weight, or experience foot spreading, the misalignment can become more pronounced, leading to increased discomfort and mobility issues.
Why Do Bunions Hurt?
Pain can come from several sources:
- Joint Misalignment: Can lead to arthritis and chronic pain
- Nerve Pressure: The bone may compress nearby sensory nerves
- Foot Mechanics: A bunion alters how your foot moves, causing strain in the ball of the foot
- Toe Rubbing: The big toe may press against neighboring toes, causing friction
- Footwear: Tight shoes can aggravate the area
Note: Not all bunions are painful. If yours doesn’t hurt, it may not require treatment.
Do Bunion Splints Work?
Bunion splints and toe spacers won’t reverse or cure the deformity. However, they’re inexpensive, low-risk tools that may provide temporary relief by reducing pressure and improving alignment while worn.
Treatment Options
🩴 Non-Surgical Care
- Switch to wider, more supportive shoes
- Use toe spacers or bunion pads
- Apply ice and anti-inflammatory medication to reduce swelling
🛠 Surgical Treatment
If conservative measures don’t help, surgery may be an option. Bunion surgery (also called a bunionectomy) is typically an outpatient procedure done under local anesthesia with sedation.
What to Expect After Bunion Surgery
- First 2 weeks: Limited walking; weight-bearing on the heel only
- Weeks 2–8: Wear a post-op shoe; monitor for swelling
- Recovery Time: Full recovery may take several months depending on the procedure and your lifestyle
Can Bunions Be Prevented?
While not all bunions are preventable, you can reduce your risk with these steps:
- Wear comfortable, properly fitting shoes
- Avoid high heels and narrow shoes that squeeze the toes
- Seek medical attention for any severe sprains or foot injuries
- Monitor foot health if you have a family history of bunions
Foot Care & Bunion Treatment Near You
If you're dealing with a bunion or other foot issue, early attention can make a big difference. Reach out to a podiatrist or orthopedic specialist for a personalized treatment plan. For expert care, visit the Lifespan Orthopedics Institute in Rhode Island—your trusted partner in foot and ankle health.
